Sağlık Raporu: Marcelo Saracchi ve Radamel Falcao

Nevzat biraz daha zorlasaymış sezonu kapattıracakmış neredeyse.Daha önceki haftalarda leminayada zorlanma ve kanama denmişti 1 hafta kaçırdı.Paşa maçında 2 side sahada olur.
 
Forum mal dolu

Kas yırtıklarının derecelendirmesi hem MR hem fonksiyonel olarak sporcunun durumuna göre yapılır.ilk 1 hafta 10 gün içerisindeki klinik cevap çok önemlidir.

Herşey kontrol mrda anlaşılır.

Orta derece yırtık ve kanama ciddi bir durumdur , yanlış zamanda sahaya sürülen bir topçu sezonu kapatabilir.

Kas yırtığını tendon zedelenmesini de içeriyorsa daha da fazla ciddiyet kazanır.

Sneijder grade 2 yırtık nedeniyle 1 ay sahalardan uzak kalmıştı.Üstelik kas yırtığı birkaç cm olmasına rağmen.

Her futbolcunun tedaviye cevabı farklıdır.kontrol MR. Çekilene kadar her türlü yorum afaki havada kalır ama grade 2 yani orta derece strain kas yırtığı ve fonksiyon kaybı demektir.Bir üstü zaten tendon rüptürü oluyor ve ameliyat gerekebiliyor.



Görüldüğü üzere dönüş zamanını belirleyen birçok parametre ve gösterge var.bunu en iyi muayene eden hekim tahmin edebilir


5. Prognosis

The severity of hamstring strains ranges on a continuum from very mild to very severe. When evaluating the prognosis for acute hamstring strains, important outcomes include potential time away from sport, return to pre-injury level of sport performance, and likelihood of re-injury. Attempts to determine the likelihood of these outcomes have centered on imaging of the injured muscle tendon unit, patient symptoms, specific clinical tests, and functional clinical tests.

Advanced musculoskeletal imaging, including MRI and ultrasound, are being implemented in an attempt to better identify and determine prognosis. These techniques provide a more objective measure and are frequently used to assess the severity and extent of injury with professional athletes. MRI studies of hamstring strains indicate that the length and cross-sectional area of the injury are directly proportional to the time for recovery from injury, with increased length and cross-sectional area resulting in greater time for recovery.11, 58, 59, 60 However, multiple MRI studies demonstrate that the severity of the initial injury is ineffective in predicting re-injury.61, 62 Thus, MRI of hamstring strains appears useful in estimating time for recovery from injury, but is limited in identifying individuals at risk for re-injury. Ultrasound as a prognostic indicator of time to recover from injury should be used with caution as a recent publication investigating soccer players with acute hamstring injuries showed no correlation between length of injury area, injury severity, and time to return to play.63

Various clinical criteria, when assessed within the first 5 days of initial injury, have been associated with a long recovery time (>40 days to return to sport), such as an initial visual analog scale pain score of greater than 6, pain during everyday activities for more than 3 days, popping sound during the injury, bruising, and greater than 15° difference in passive straightening of the injured limb compared to the uninjured limb.64 The time to walk test, which assesses an athlete's ability to walk without pain post-injury, has also been used to assess recovery time.65, 66 Australian Rules football players taking more than 1 day to walk pain-free following injury were 4 times more likely to take longer than 3 weeks to return to sport when compared with those walking pain-free within 1 day.65

The active ROM test assesses an athlete's ability to extend the knee while the hip is flexed at 90° in supine. Injury data published on 165 elite track and field athletes showed that athletes with a greater active knee extension ROM deficit required longer recovery.67, 68 When comparing active knee extension ROM deficit with full rehabilitation time, the average time to return to sport after initial injury was 6.9 days for <10° deficit, 11.7 days for 10°–19° deficit, 25.4 days for 20°–29° deficit, and 55.0 days for ≥30° deficit.67, 68 This test is traditionally used to assess hamstring flexibility. The formation of scar tissue does not occur until the proliferation stage of tissue healing69 and thus an acute active knee extension deficit is most likely related to pain and neurophysiological mechanisms occurring during the inflammatory stage of tissue healing.

The resisted ROM test can be used to assess an athlete's ability to resist knee extension at 90°, 45°, and 15° of knee flexion in prone.54, 70 Based on the length-tension curve and the internal torque-joint angle curve, it is expected that the hamstrings will demonstrate the greatest force at 90° due to the hamstrings being at optimum length and leverage.71 As the hamstrings are lengthened, such as when placed at 45° and 15° of knee flexion, the number of potential crossbridges decreases and the mechanical advantage decreases so that lesser amounts of active force are generated, even under conditions of full activation and effort.71, 72 Sole and colleagues72 showed that athletes with a recent hamstring injury demonstrate significantly decreased knee flexion torque in the lengthened range of contraction (approximately 5°–25° knee flexion). Athlete's demonstrating full isometric knee flexion force at 90°, with incremental reductions in isometric knee flexion force at 45° and 15°, have a better prognosis than athlete's demonstrating reduced isometric knee flexion force at 90° with further incremental reductions in isometric knee flexion force at 45° and 15°. The latter scenario indicates that the athlete has reduced force output even when the hamstrings are at optimum length and leverage.

The location of the point of maximum tenderness to palpation relative to the ischial tuberosity is associated with the recovery time. The more proximal the site of maximum pain, the longer the time needed to return to pre-injury level.23, 24, 73 In addition, the mechanism of injury and tissues injured have important prognostic value in estimating the duration of recovery needed to return to pre-injury level of performance.23, 24, 25, 73, 74 Injuries involving the intramuscular tendon and the adjacent muscle fibers (such as the biceps femoris during high-speed running23, 25) typically require a shorter recovery period than those involving the proximal free tendon (such as the semimembranosus during dance and kicking24, 25, 74). In 2007, Askling and colleagues23, 24 demonstrated that hamstring injuries occurring from sprinting-type activities resulted in an average of 16 weeks to return to pre-injury level in elite sprinters23 whereas hamstring injuries occurring from stretching-type activities resulted in an average of 50 weeks to return to pre-injury level in professional dancers.24 More recent data have demonstrated that return to sport may not be as lengthy as originally reported. In 2013, Askling and colleagues75 demonstrated that hamstring injuries occurring from sprinting-type activities resulted in an average of 23 days to return to sport whereas hamstring injuries occurring from stretching-type activities resulted in an average of 43 days to return to sport in elite football players.

Despite the differences in mechanism of injury, tissues involved, and recovery rates, current rehabilitation approaches do not differ greatly when treating high-speed running vs. overstretch injuries.2, 75, 76, 77 This topic is an area for future research and investigation as there seems to be room for developing rehabilitation exercises that are more specific with respect to injury type and location. Through examining the intensity and pattern of hamstring muscle activation in commonly used rehabilitation exercises, Mendiguchia and colleagues78 have shown that different rehabilitation exercises affect different patterns of muscle recruitment and that the degree of response differs between proximal and distal regions. Although these conclusions are based on unpublished data, they may suggest that the prescribed intervention will depend on the injured muscle and its specific anatomic location.


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Son düzenleme:
Forum mal dolu

Kas yırtıklarının derecelendirmesi hem MR hem fonksiyonel olarak sporcunun durumuna göre yapılır.ilk 1 hafta 10 gün içerisindeki klinik cevap çok önemlidir.

Herşey kontrol mrda anlaşılır.

Orta derece yırtık ve kanama ciddi bir durumdur , yanlış zamanda sahaya sürülen bir topçu sezonu kapatabilir.

Kas yırtığını tendon zedelenmesini de içeriyorsa daha da fazla ciddiyet kazanır.

Sneijder grade 2 yırtık nedeniyle 1 ay sahalardan uzak kalmıştı.Üstelik kas yırtığı birkaç cm olmasına rağmen.

Her futbolcunun tedaviye cevabı farklıdır.kontrol MR. Çekilene kadar her türlü yorum afaki havada kalır ama grade 2 yani orta derece strain kas yırtığı ve fonksiyon kaybı demektir.Bir üstü zaten tendon rüptürü oluyor ve ameliyat gerekebiliyor.




iPhone cihazımdan Gscimbom mobil uygulaması ile gönderildi
Türkçe meali atı vurabilir miyiz doktor?
 
Forum mal dolu

Kas yırtıklarının derecelendirmesi hem MR hem fonksiyonel olarak sporcunun durumuna göre yapılır.ilk 1 hafta 10 gün içerisindeki klinik cevap çok önemlidir.

Herşey kontrol mrda anlaşılır.

Orta derece yırtık ve kanama ciddi bir durumdur , yanlış zamanda sahaya sürülen bir topçu sezonu kapatabilir.

Kas yırtığını tendon zedelenmesini de içeriyorsa daha da fazla ciddiyet kazanır.

Sneijder grade 2 yırtık nedeniyle 1 ay sahalardan uzak kalmıştı.Üstelik kas yırtığı birkaç cm olmasına rağmen.

Her futbolcunun tedaviye cevabı farklıdır.kontrol MR. Çekilene kadar her türlü yorum afaki havada kalır ama grade 2 yani orta derece strain kas yırtığı ve fonksiyon kaybı demektir.Bir üstü zaten tendon rüptürü oluyor ve ameliyat gerekebiliyor.



Görüldüğü üzere dönüş zamanını belirleyen birçok parametre ve gösterge var.bunu en iyi muayene eden hekim tahmin edebilir


5. Prognosis

The severity of hamstring strains ranges on a continuum from very mild to very severe. When evaluating the prognosis for acute hamstring strains, important outcomes include potential time away from sport, return to pre-injury level of sport performance, and likelihood of re-injury. Attempts to determine the likelihood of these outcomes have centered on imaging of the injured muscle tendon unit, patient symptoms, specific clinical tests, and functional clinical tests.

Advanced musculoskeletal imaging, including MRI and ultrasound, are being implemented in an attempt to better identify and determine prognosis. These techniques provide a more objective measure and are frequently used to assess the severity and extent of injury with professional athletes. MRI studies of hamstring strains indicate that the length and cross-sectional area of the injury are directly proportional to the time for recovery from injury, with increased length and cross-sectional area resulting in greater time for recovery.11, 58, 59, 60 However, multiple MRI studies demonstrate that the severity of the initial injury is ineffective in predicting re-injury.61, 62 Thus, MRI of hamstring strains appears useful in estimating time for recovery from injury, but is limited in identifying individuals at risk for re-injury. Ultrasound as a prognostic indicator of time to recover from injury should be used with caution as a recent publication investigating soccer players with acute hamstring injuries showed no correlation between length of injury area, injury severity, and time to return to play.63

Various clinical criteria, when assessed within the first 5 days of initial injury, have been associated with a long recovery time (>40 days to return to sport), such as an initial visual analog scale pain score of greater than 6, pain during everyday activities for more than 3 days, popping sound during the injury, bruising, and greater than 15° difference in passive straightening of the injured limb compared to the uninjured limb.64 The time to walk test, which assesses an athlete's ability to walk without pain post-injury, has also been used to assess recovery time.65, 66 Australian Rules football players taking more than 1 day to walk pain-free following injury were 4 times more likely to take longer than 3 weeks to return to sport when compared with those walking pain-free within 1 day.65

The active ROM test assesses an athlete's ability to extend the knee while the hip is flexed at 90° in supine. Injury data published on 165 elite track and field athletes showed that athletes with a greater active knee extension ROM deficit required longer recovery.67, 68 When comparing active knee extension ROM deficit with full rehabilitation time, the average time to return to sport after initial injury was 6.9 days for <10° deficit, 11.7 days for 10°–19° deficit, 25.4 days for 20°–29° deficit, and 55.0 days for ≥30° deficit.67, 68 This test is traditionally used to assess hamstring flexibility. The formation of scar tissue does not occur until the proliferation stage of tissue healing69 and thus an acute active knee extension deficit is most likely related to pain and neurophysiological mechanisms occurring during the inflammatory stage of tissue healing.

The resisted ROM test can be used to assess an athlete's ability to resist knee extension at 90°, 45°, and 15° of knee flexion in prone.54, 70 Based on the length-tension curve and the internal torque-joint angle curve, it is expected that the hamstrings will demonstrate the greatest force at 90° due to the hamstrings being at optimum length and leverage.71 As the hamstrings are lengthened, such as when placed at 45° and 15° of knee flexion, the number of potential crossbridges decreases and the mechanical advantage decreases so that lesser amounts of active force are generated, even under conditions of full activation and effort.71, 72 Sole and colleagues72 showed that athletes with a recent hamstring injury demonstrate significantly decreased knee flexion torque in the lengthened range of contraction (approximately 5°–25° knee flexion). Athlete's demonstrating full isometric knee flexion force at 90°, with incremental reductions in isometric knee flexion force at 45° and 15°, have a better prognosis than athlete's demonstrating reduced isometric knee flexion force at 90° with further incremental reductions in isometric knee flexion force at 45° and 15°. The latter scenario indicates that the athlete has reduced force output even when the hamstrings are at optimum length and leverage.

The location of the point of maximum tenderness to palpation relative to the ischial tuberosity is associated with the recovery time. The more proximal the site of maximum pain, the longer the time needed to return to pre-injury level.23, 24, 73 In addition, the mechanism of injury and tissues injured have important prognostic value in estimating the duration of recovery needed to return to pre-injury level of performance.23, 24, 25, 73, 74 Injuries involving the intramuscular tendon and the adjacent muscle fibers (such as the biceps femoris during high-speed running23, 25) typically require a shorter recovery period than those involving the proximal free tendon (such as the semimembranosus during dance and kicking24, 25, 74). In 2007, Askling and colleagues23, 24 demonstrated that hamstring injuries occurring from sprinting-type activities resulted in an average of 16 weeks to return to pre-injury level in elite sprinters23 whereas hamstring injuries occurring from stretching-type activities resulted in an average of 50 weeks to return to pre-injury level in professional dancers.24 More recent data have demonstrated that return to sport may not be as lengthy as originally reported. In 2013, Askling and colleagues75 demonstrated that hamstring injuries occurring from sprinting-type activities resulted in an average of 23 days to return to sport whereas hamstring injuries occurring from stretching-type activities resulted in an average of 43 days to return to sport in elite football players.

Despite the differences in mechanism of injury, tissues involved, and recovery rates, current rehabilitation approaches do not differ greatly when treating high-speed running vs. overstretch injuries.2, 75, 76, 77 This topic is an area for future research and investigation as there seems to be room for developing rehabilitation exercises that are more specific with respect to injury type and location. Through examining the intensity and pattern of hamstring muscle activation in commonly used rehabilitation exercises, Mendiguchia and colleagues78 have shown that different rehabilitation exercises affect different patterns of muscle recruitment and that the degree of response differs between proximal and distal regions. Although these conclusions are based on unpublished data, they may suggest that the prescribed intervention will depend on the injured muscle and its specific anatomic location.


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Adamlarda yırtık yok. Zorlanma var. Yırtık ile zorlanma aynı şeyler değil. Marcao aynı sakatlıktan 5 günde dönmüş keza Lemina, Feghouli en uzunu 1 hafta. Yırtık ile zorlanmaya aynı kefeye koymamak lazım. Aynı ve benzer sakatlıklara ve dönüş sürelerine bakılınca ikisi de 1 maç kaçırır. Hatta zorlanırsa Saracchi Kayseri maçında sahada bile olabilir ama riske atmazlar diye düşünüyorum.
 
Adamlarda yırtık yok. Zorlanma var. Yırtık ile zorlanma aynı şeyler değil. Marcao aynı sakatlıktan 5 günde dönmüş keza Lemina, Feghouli en uzunu 1 hafta. Yırtık ile zorlanmaya aynı kefeye koymamak lazım. Aynı ve benzer sakatlıklara ve dönüş sürelerine bakılınca ikisi de 1 maç kaçırır. Hatta zorlanırsa Saracchi Kayseri maçında sahada bile olabilir ama riske atmazlar diye düşünüyorum.
Renktaş adam doktor :) hiçbir sakatlık birbirinin aynı değildir insan vücudundan bahsediyoruz sonuçta. Bekleyip göreceğiz artık.
 
Renktaş adam doktor :) hiçbir sakatlık birbirinin aynı değildir insan vücudundan bahsediyoruz sonuçta. Bekleyip göreceğiz artık.
Tamamda birebir aynı sağlık raporu Marcao'da oldu hatta burada paylaşıldı. 5 günde döndü. Ki kendisi yırtık yazmış ama adamlarda yırtık yok zorlanma var.

R.Kosecki
@roman_kosecki_

·
4s

Arkadaşlar Adale yırtığı ile Adale'de zorlama olayını karistirmayin aşağıdaki bilgi doğru Adale'de yırtık olursa 3 hafta tedavi süresi var fakat Falcao ve Saracchi'nin adalesinde zorlama var yani kaciracaklari en fazla Kayseri maçı zaten o maçta da dinlendirileceklerdi.
Tweeti Alıntıla

AITQeZmX_normal.jpg

Falko Götz

@FalkoGotz
· 4s
Yanlıs bilgilendirme..arka adale YIRTIGI tedavı surecı 21 gundur yanı 3 hafta kesınlıkle degısmez. Orta derece zorlanmaysa eger daha erken dönerler dıye tahmın edıyorum..
EPYAYStXsAAt6tO
 
Adamlarda yırtık yok. Zorlanma var. Yırtık ile zorlanma aynı şeyler değil. Marcao aynı sakatlıktan 5 günde dönmüş keza Lemina, Feghouli en uzunu 1 hafta. Yırtık ile zorlanmaya aynı kefeye koymamak lazım. Aynı ve benzer sakatlıklara ve dönüş sürelerine bakılınca ikisi de 1 maç kaçırır. Hatta zorlanırsa Saracchi Kayseri maçında sahada bile olabilir ama riske atmazlar diye düşünüyorum.


Doktor musun ?
 
Tamamda birebir aynı sağlık raporu Marcao'da oldu hatta burada paylaşıldı. 5 günde döndü. Ki kendisi yırtık yazmış ama adamlarda yırtık yok zorlanma var.

R.Kosecki
@roman_kosecki_

·
4s

Arkadaşlar Adale yırtığı ile Adale'de zorlama olayını karistirmayin aşağıdaki bilgi doğru Adale'de yırtık olursa 3 hafta tedavi süresi var fakat Falcao ve Saracchi'nin adalesinde zorlama var yani kaciracaklari en fazla Kayseri maçı zaten o maçta da dinlendirileceklerdi.
Tweeti Alıntıla

AITQeZmX_normal.jpg

Falko Götz

@FalkoGotz
· 4s
Yanlıs bilgilendirme..arka adale YIRTIGI tedavı surecı 21 gundur yanı 3 hafta kesınlıkle degısmez. Orta derece zorlanmaysa eger daha erken dönerler dıye tahmın edıyorum..
EPYAYStXsAAt6tO
Aynısı kaynımda var demek gibi bu:) vücut yapıları, ağrı eşikleri vs. çok farklı olabilir. O yüzden bekleyip görmek lazım. Yener Ince bile tarih vermediğine göre bizim 5 gün 7 gün falan dememiz anlamsız.
 
Değilim. Aynı ve benzer sakatlık açıklamaları olanların kaç günde döndüklerine baktım ona göre yazdım.

Bak orda alıntıladığın mesajı yazan Uzm.DR hemde branşı radyoloji. Ona kas yırtılması ayrı kas zorlanması ayrı demeye utanmıyor musun ? Nerden geliyor bu cahil cesareti ? Adam 11 yıl bunun eğitimini alış üstüne bilmem kaç yıldır da tecrübesi var cahilin biri gelip benzer sakatlıklardan yazdım diyor. O kadar kolaydı değil mi ? Sağlık bakanlığına diyelim sana da bir poliklinik açsın olur mu ? Çalışır mısın paşam ?
 
Sakatlıklar konusunda ezbere yorum yapmak doğru olmaz; velev ki laboratuvar ve görüntüleme yöntemleriyle birtakım veriler elde edilmiş olsun...

Muteber bir yabancı futbolcumuzun (Hatırlayamadım, Podolski olabilir?), antrenmanlarda en hırslı futbolcu olarak işaret ettiği Tolga Ciğerci' nin MR larında bir şey yok diye alelacele kapı dışarı edilmesi gibi yanlış kararlar verilebiliyor, öyle yapılınca (Yanlışım yoksa, koşu mesafesinde lider şu an)...Keza Serdar Aziz; adam kötü hissetmiş, baş dönmesi ve mide bulantısı varmış, bunu birtakım tetkiklerle ispat etmesi gerekmiyordu, 3-5 saat sonra şikayetleri tamamen düzelmiş olabilir. Bir Tıp Doktoru olarak söylüyorum; çoğunuzun aklına yatmayacağını biliyorum da işte yine de söyleme ihtiyacı duydum...
 
Bak orda alıntıladığın mesajı yazan Uzm.DR hemde branşı radyoloji. Ona kas yırtılması ayrı kas zorlanması ayrı demeye utanmıyor musun ? Nerden geliyor bu cahil cesareti ? Adam 11 yıl bunun eğitimini alış üstüne bilmem kaç yıldır da tecrübesi var cahilin biri gelip benzer sakatlıklardan yazdım diyor. O kadar kolaydı değil mi ? Sağlık bakanlığına diyelim sana da bir poliklinik açsın olur mu ? Çalışır mısın paşam ?
EPYAYStXsAAt6tO

Birincisi adamın doktor olduğunu bilmiyordum. İkincisi yukarıdaki de bir doktor yorumu. Üçüncüsü de aynı sakatlıkları yaşayan futbolcuların dönüş sürelerinin de gayet iyi bir veri olabileceğini düşünüyorum. Son olarak biraz saygılı ol sonuçta benim yazdığım herhangi bir şeyde saygısızlık yoktu. İnsanı hayvandan ayıran özelliklerden biride karşındakine saygılı olmasıdır. Ben o doktor olduğunu bilmediğim arkadaşa da saygısızlık yapmadım sadece elimdeki verilerle kendi fikrimi söyledim.
 
EPYAYStXsAAt6tO

Birincisi adamın doktor olduğunu bilmiyordum. İkincisi yukarıdaki de bir doktor yorumu. Üçüncüsü de aynı sakatlıkları yaşayan futbolcuların dönüş sürelerinin de gayet iyi bir veri olabileceğini düşünüyorum. Son olarak biraz saygılı ol sonuçta benim yazdığım herhangi bir şeyde saygısızlık yoktu. İnsanı hayvandan ayıran özelliklerden biride karşındakine saygılı olmasıdır. Ben o doktor olduğunu bilmediğim arkadaşa da saygısızlık yapmadım sadece elimdeki verilerle kendi fikrimi söyledim.


o attığın resimdekinin doktor olmadığı kesin. alanın olmadığı bir konuda ahkam kesemezsin adam gereken açıklamayı yapmış oku diye makale bile bırakmış burdaki insanları bilinçlendirmiş sen hala gelip o bilgisizliğinle yok öyle değil diyorsun gerçi devir sizin devriniz devam et.
 
o attığın resimdekinin doktor olmadığı kesin. alanın olmadığı bir konuda ahkam kesemezsin adam gereken açıklamayı yapmış oku diye makale bile bırakmış burdaki insanları bilinçlendirmiş sen hala gelip o bilgisizliğinle yok öyle değil diyorsun gerçi devir sizin devriniz devam et.
Kimseye burada saygısızlık yapmadım. O yazan arkadaşın doktor olduğunu bilmiyordum. Senin gibi saygıdan naibini almamış kişilerle de böyle yazışmak istemiyorum hadi başkasıyla uğraş.
 
Iskartaya çıkmadıya Adem oynar bu hafta sonraki hafta saha da olur.
 
Forum mal dolu

Kas yırtıklarının derecelendirmesi hem MR hem fonksiyonel olarak sporcunun durumuna göre yapılır.ilk 1 hafta 10 gün içerisindeki klinik cevap çok önemlidir.

Herşey kontrol mrda anlaşılır.

Orta derece yırtık ve kanama ciddi bir durumdur , yanlış zamanda sahaya sürülen bir topçu sezonu kapatabilir.

Kas yırtığını tendon zedelenmesini de içeriyorsa daha da fazla ciddiyet kazanır.

Sneijder grade 2 yırtık nedeniyle 1 ay sahalardan uzak kalmıştı.Üstelik kas yırtığı birkaç cm olmasına rağmen.

Her futbolcunun tedaviye cevabı farklıdır.kontrol MR. Çekilene kadar her türlü yorum afaki havada kalır ama grade 2 yani orta derece strain kas yırtığı ve fonksiyon kaybı demektir.Bir üstü zaten tendon rüptürü oluyor ve ameliyat gerekebiliyor.



Görüldüğü üzere dönüş zamanını belirleyen birçok parametre ve gösterge var.bunu en iyi muayene eden hekim tahmin edebilir


5. Prognosis

The severity of hamstring strains ranges on a continuum from very mild to very severe. When evaluating the prognosis for acute hamstring strains, important outcomes include potential time away from sport, return to pre-injury level of sport performance, and likelihood of re-injury. Attempts to determine the likelihood of these outcomes have centered on imaging of the injured muscle tendon unit, patient symptoms, specific clinical tests, and functional clinical tests.

Advanced musculoskeletal imaging, including MRI and ultrasound, are being implemented in an attempt to better identify and determine prognosis. These techniques provide a more objective measure and are frequently used to assess the severity and extent of injury with professional athletes. MRI studies of hamstring strains indicate that the length and cross-sectional area of the injury are directly proportional to the time for recovery from injury, with increased length and cross-sectional area resulting in greater time for recovery.11, 58, 59, 60 However, multiple MRI studies demonstrate that the severity of the initial injury is ineffective in predicting re-injury.61, 62 Thus, MRI of hamstring strains appears useful in estimating time for recovery from injury, but is limited in identifying individuals at risk for re-injury. Ultrasound as a prognostic indicator of time to recover from injury should be used with caution as a recent publication investigating soccer players with acute hamstring injuries showed no correlation between length of injury area, injury severity, and time to return to play.63

Various clinical criteria, when assessed within the first 5 days of initial injury, have been associated with a long recovery time (>40 days to return to sport), such as an initial visual analog scale pain score of greater than 6, pain during everyday activities for more than 3 days, popping sound during the injury, bruising, and greater than 15° difference in passive straightening of the injured limb compared to the uninjured limb.64 The time to walk test, which assesses an athlete's ability to walk without pain post-injury, has also been used to assess recovery time.65, 66 Australian Rules football players taking more than 1 day to walk pain-free following injury were 4 times more likely to take longer than 3 weeks to return to sport when compared with those walking pain-free within 1 day.65

The active ROM test assesses an athlete's ability to extend the knee while the hip is flexed at 90° in supine. Injury data published on 165 elite track and field athletes showed that athletes with a greater active knee extension ROM deficit required longer recovery.67, 68 When comparing active knee extension ROM deficit with full rehabilitation time, the average time to return to sport after initial injury was 6.9 days for <10° deficit, 11.7 days for 10°–19° deficit, 25.4 days for 20°–29° deficit, and 55.0 days for ≥30° deficit.67, 68 This test is traditionally used to assess hamstring flexibility. The formation of scar tissue does not occur until the proliferation stage of tissue healing69 and thus an acute active knee extension deficit is most likely related to pain and neurophysiological mechanisms occurring during the inflammatory stage of tissue healing.

The resisted ROM test can be used to assess an athlete's ability to resist knee extension at 90°, 45°, and 15° of knee flexion in prone.54, 70 Based on the length-tension curve and the internal torque-joint angle curve, it is expected that the hamstrings will demonstrate the greatest force at 90° due to the hamstrings being at optimum length and leverage.71 As the hamstrings are lengthened, such as when placed at 45° and 15° of knee flexion, the number of potential crossbridges decreases and the mechanical advantage decreases so that lesser amounts of active force are generated, even under conditions of full activation and effort.71, 72 Sole and colleagues72 showed that athletes with a recent hamstring injury demonstrate significantly decreased knee flexion torque in the lengthened range of contraction (approximately 5°–25° knee flexion). Athlete's demonstrating full isometric knee flexion force at 90°, with incremental reductions in isometric knee flexion force at 45° and 15°, have a better prognosis than athlete's demonstrating reduced isometric knee flexion force at 90° with further incremental reductions in isometric knee flexion force at 45° and 15°. The latter scenario indicates that the athlete has reduced force output even when the hamstrings are at optimum length and leverage.

The location of the point of maximum tenderness to palpation relative to the ischial tuberosity is associated with the recovery time. The more proximal the site of maximum pain, the longer the time needed to return to pre-injury level.23, 24, 73 In addition, the mechanism of injury and tissues injured have important prognostic value in estimating the duration of recovery needed to return to pre-injury level of performance.23, 24, 25, 73, 74 Injuries involving the intramuscular tendon and the adjacent muscle fibers (such as the biceps femoris during high-speed running23, 25) typically require a shorter recovery period than those involving the proximal free tendon (such as the semimembranosus during dance and kicking24, 25, 74). In 2007, Askling and colleagues23, 24 demonstrated that hamstring injuries occurring from sprinting-type activities resulted in an average of 16 weeks to return to pre-injury level in elite sprinters23 whereas hamstring injuries occurring from stretching-type activities resulted in an average of 50 weeks to return to pre-injury level in professional dancers.24 More recent data have demonstrated that return to sport may not be as lengthy as originally reported. In 2013, Askling and colleagues75 demonstrated that hamstring injuries occurring from sprinting-type activities resulted in an average of 23 days to return to sport whereas hamstring injuries occurring from stretching-type activities resulted in an average of 43 days to return to sport in elite football players.

Despite the differences in mechanism of injury, tissues involved, and recovery rates, current rehabilitation approaches do not differ greatly when treating high-speed running vs. overstretch injuries.2, 75, 76, 77 This topic is an area for future research and investigation as there seems to be room for developing rehabilitation exercises that are more specific with respect to injury type and location. Through examining the intensity and pattern of hamstring muscle activation in commonly used rehabilitation exercises, Mendiguchia and colleagues78 have shown that different rehabilitation exercises affect different patterns of muscle recruitment and that the degree of response differs between proximal and distal regions. Although these conclusions are based on unpublished data, they may suggest that the prescribed intervention will depend on the injured muscle and its specific anatomic location.


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