Fifa allowed the continued use of five substitutes in competitions this season but many Premier League members are believed to have felt it unfairly benefited major clubs.
Other Premier League managers backed Guardiola's call for the rule to be reversed.
Manchester United boss Ole Gunnar Solskjaer said: "I don't understand and cannot believe that the vote went against because we have to look after the players.
"I can see why clubs voted against but if you take a step back and think about these footballers and their mental and physical health, the only sensible solution would have been to give us the opportunity to rest a few more."
Chelsea manager Frank Lampard said "the ball was firmly dropped" when clubs voted against having five substitutes.
"I'm not just talking about my club, I'm talking about every player, who is asked to play day after day, putting themselves at injury risk," he said.
"We have a big squad here, but the pressure is on the players and it could certainly have a big effect this year more than any other year."
Newcastle boss Steve Bruce said soft-tissue injuries were proving "a problem" this season.
"But we are not alone, there are other teams who are finding it a struggle," he added.
Liverpool boss Jurgen Klopp said the packed fixture schedule leaves his side susceptible to injuries.
The defending champions' defensive problems mounted this week after Fabinho, who had been filling in for Virgil van Dijk at centre-back, joined the Netherlands international on the sidelines.
"October is like a usual December and November is a month like a usual December," he said.
"Then December is still December, so that means we have the intensity of the most hectic schedule already."
Everton manager Carlo Ancelotti said the number of injuries was "concerning".
"After the international break we only have one game a week so it's not so bad for us," he said.
"But for teams in Europe it's really busy, and there are more injuries for that reason."
Former Arsenal and England physio Gary Lewin told BBC Radio 5 Live there are "a number of factors" behind the rise in injuries this season.
"In previous seasons players would have gone through a normal pre-season, a normal strength and conditioning programme and then had fixtures on a regular basis but not like they are now every two or three days," he said.
"If you're not fully recovered from your previous game then fatigue will set in and muscle injuries will go up, because if you have tired muscles and you load them again, they are going to break."
dünya çapında bir ftizasyon söz konusu
premier lig klüpleri söz birliği edip idmanda sadece ayak tenisi oynattıklarından oyuncuları kas sakatlığına daha meyilli durumda
bahane olarak da oyuncu değişikliği sayısının azlığından bahsetmekteler